Post-static dyskinesia are involuntary movements that occur after periods of static postures such as sitting or standing. The phenomenon of post-static dyskinesia challenges our understanding of how complex the brain and body can be, and it has drawn a lot of attention in the field of neurology. The condition affects quality of life, and understanding of the condition is important not only for individuals with post-static dyskinesia but also for individuals with other movement disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease.
The causes of PSTD are complex and multifaceted. Many are related to the neurological pathways which control movement and still other causes are related to genetic factors. For example, there are several genetic markers that have been implicated in the development of movement disorders and PSTD (Samoudi et al., 2015). PSTD is often associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, in which cells that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine (which is important for movement) die or are lost. These dopaminergic neuron losses can lead to tremors, but patients with Parkinson’s can also experience strange and involuntary movements when they attempt to move from a static to a dynamic state.
Post-static dyskinesia is characterised by a mass of often severe and involuntary muscle contractions. Sufferers of the condition often develop abnormal postures, resulting in pain and difficulty carrying out everyday tasks. The involuntary movements can cause marked disability, affecting mobility, making activities such as walking down the road, climbing stairs, or picking up a cup of coffee particularly difficult. Such effects have a profound effect on a sufferer’s quality of life and can make them feel very frustrated and helpless (Nakawah & Lai, 2016).
Involuntary movements may be unpredictable. An individual with Tetrabenazine for Huntington Disease may experience an unexpected kick of their leg while trying to get up from sitting. These movements and the resulting limitations can affect many aspects of life, including activities with friends and family, daily work, and exercise. Patients and their families report that the unpredictable, involuntary movements associated with HD are often a source of embarrassment and anxiety, causing them to avoid social interactions and withdraw from everyday life. (Jankovic, 2006)
In addition to the complex pathogenesis of post-static dyskinesia, its multifaceted symptoms require a range of approaches to manage the effects of the condition, allowing individuals affected by the condition to live their lives as normally as possible. A range of treatments and management options have been proposed to alleviate the diverse variety of symptoms that affect individuals with the condition. These treatments and management options can be delivered as part of a holistic treatment regime, which might combine pharmacological treatments and physical therapy with psychological support (Strzelczyk et al., 2011).
For many individuals with post-static dyskinesia (PSD), treatment often begins with pharmacological agents. Levodopa (LDOPA) is frequently prescribed to restore pre psychotic dopamine levels. Research indicates that response to LDOPA can be quite variable with some people deriving considerable relief from its use, whereas others experience bothersome side effects such as nausea or dizziness. With such potential variability, it is critical that healthcare providers are able to individualized and fine tune their chosen medications.
In addition to his or her medication, helping individuals with post-static dyskinesia (PDS) benefit from physical therapy is a very promising approach. PDS affects individuals in various ways however with some physical therapy, patients can improve muscle strength, balance and coordination enabling them to successfully perform daily living activities. Through stretching and strengthening exercises and other activities, patients with PDS can see great physical function improvement.
The support that a patient receives to manage the psychological impact of a chronic movement disorder is also important. Living with a chronic movement disorder can lead to significant stress and anxiety. Counseling and support groups can be a helpful tool for the patient and family to find ways to cope with the symptoms of PSD and live a fulfilling life. By sharing their experience with others who are going through similar struggles, and receiving guidance from mental health professionals, patients and family can find ways to manage the emotional impact of PSD and develop a more positive outlook on life.
Management of post-static dyskinesia (PSD) is not limited to medical treatment. Lifestyle changes can also make a big difference to the quality of life of individuals with PSD. Engaging in regular physical activity, having a well balanced diet and spending time with family and friends can help individuals with PSD to have more energy, be less tired and be in a better mood during the day.
Our occupational therapy specialists focus on helping you complete the activities, such as bathing and dressing, that are most important to you. By teaching new ways of using adaptive equipment, managing fatigue, and modifying postures or positions while sitting or standing, we can help you return to the activities, hobbies, and occupations you enjoy. We can also establish a routine that maximizes your energy for the activities that are most important to you.
Management of post-static dyskinesia should be comprehensive to address the various physical, psychological and social elements affecting quality of life. Much research is currently underway into better treatment and understanding of the condition. New techniques, such as deep brain stimulation and new medications, offer the promise of effective management or even cure for PD patients suffering from PSD (Ng et al., 2021; Fabrikant & Park, 2011; McNally & Shetty, 2010).
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